Small Direct Add On; Access to Member Cruises - Worth It?

I just called and asked tonight. It's true - if you don't own any direct-purchased points, you are not welcome on the member cruise.

Frankly, I don't want to go on the member cruise, but I find this really eyebrow-raising. What's next? When you check in, they see the "resale" note on your account and make you wear a scarlet R on your chest for the rest of your stay?

Lol that would be funny . What do you mean what's next , you and other just berated me in the other thread , saying they can't take things away from resale members from the way the contrat was writen what are you worried about .

Thanks for posting an update after talking with member services.

Wow, that is really sad. I was really hoping that it didn't make a difference if we purchased a resale or direct. When we purchased our resale contract, they only told us that we wouldn't be able to use points for certain vacation collections, that is common knowledge. They never said we would not be able to purchase a DVC member cruise by paying cash. I guess we'll cross that bridge when we come to it, spending $3500 for a 25 pt. add on in order to go on the member cruise is a big splurge for us - not including the cost to go on the cruise too.

I do feel a little left out. :sad:

Why is it sad ? I think they should have more restrictions . I am not sure why people that by resale think that Disney thinks they are there best customers . You basically avoid paying them for there product and you want them to treat you the same .
 
Why is it sad ? I think they should have more restrictions . I am not sure why people that by resale think that Disney thinks they are there best customers . You basically avoid paying them for there product and you want them to treat you the same .

I disagree that I am not paying Disney for their product by purchasing resale. The initial buy in is just one element of their cash flow. And it's not the lions share of their income. Over the life of my timeshare they'll collect maintenance fees that far outstrip my initial outlay. And though they may be separate divisions of a larger entity, DVC and its sister entities walk hand in hand an clearly the organization understands that the real cash lies in all of the money we DVC folks spend during our trips.

So maybe you paid 1600 more TOTAL for the 160 points you purchased direct. That makes you special how?
 
I disagree that I am not paying Disney for their product by purchasing resale. The initial buy in is just one element of their cash flow. And it's not the lions share of their income. Over the life of my timeshare they'll collect maintenance fees that far outstrip my initial outlay. And though they may be separate divisions of a larger entity, DVC and its sister entities walk hand in hand an clearly the organization understands that the real cash lies in all of the money we DVC folks spend during our trips.

So maybe you paid 1600 more TOTAL for the 160 points you purchased direct. That makes you special how?

While I agree with you . But most don't buy resale to save $1600 . From reports around here its close to half the price . And to Disney it's the total purchase price they miss out on close to $20k in most cases .
 
Your math is off if you are not taking inflation and decreased resale values into account. Not to mention the fact that every single point out there was originally sold by Disney.

Points for new DVC are absolutely not selling at 50% of the direct price. If you're buying older DVC you're generally not getting as much for your money as did the folks who bought it originally (unless its one with an extended date).
 

Lol that would be funny . What do you mean what's next , you and other just berated me in the other thread , saying they can't take things away from resale members from the way the contrat was writen what are you worried about .

I never said they couldn't do this kind of thing. I said they can't take away the right of some members to book at other resorts. That's still true.

You do realize that every time they add a restriction, the resale value of your points goes down? You seem to be cheering for Disney taking money out of your pocket. Would you be happy if your car company decided that any time one of their cars was sold used, they would remotely deactivate the radio, since your sales contract doesn't say anything about the radio being transferable?

Just because it's legal, and Disney can do it, doesn't mean they should. At some point, it hurts the brand more than it brings in more money for Disney.

The bottom line is this: Disney sold you and everyone else an ownership. It's not a ticket to a park or a movie, it's something that you own, and are allowed to sell or transfer. When they start signaling that they reserve the right to make it harder for you to sell your ownership, they are taking away your property value with no compensation.
 
Wow, I was originally just trying to see if spending an extra couple grand for a small add on would pay off in cash outlay for future cruises. Got a lot of mileage with that question...
 
You do realize that every time they add a restriction, the resale value of your points goes down?

I don't mean to be contentious, but your statement deserves closer examination.

Can you prove this using empirical evidence? Can you prove that the price of a DVC deed on the resale market declined solely and exclusively because of the restrictions put in place in March 2011? Can you prove that other factors, such as simple supply and demand, are not more important in determining resale price than the presence of resale restrictions?

The resale restrictions have been in place for some time, but lately there has been a been up an uptick in sale prices? How do you account for this uptick in prices? Maybe its due more to supply and demand and it has nothing to do with the resale restrictions.

If DVC announced today that the resale restrictions were being rescinded, do you really believe that resale prices will jump $5, $10, or $20 a point? And, more importantly, can you prove it?

Or here is another way of thinking about the impact of restrictions on resales: If owners of restricted resale deeds could pay a fee to remove the restrictions, how much do you think they would pay? Is it worth $25 a point to remove the restrictions? How about $10/point. Some people would pay, but some people would not pay a penny because they don't place any value on these exchanges.
 
never mind... I'm literally in the middle of a battle of wits
 
Can you prove this using empirical evidence?

Of course not. How exactly would I go about doing that? What level of "proof" would be required? Is there any way anyone, ever, including Disney can ever "prove" that anything they do affects the resale price? Resale prices are incredibly noisy. There are tons of factors that move the price up and down. That doesn't mean nothing matters, or that reducing demand for resales has no effect.

Can you prove that the price of a DVC deed on the resale market declined solely and exclusively because of the restrictions put in place in March 2011? Can you prove that other factors, such as simple supply and demand, are not more important in determining resale price than the presence of resale restrictions?

I'm astonishingly confused by this. Did I ever say that the price is solely or exclusively set by these restrictions, or that they're more important than supply and demand? On the contrary, these restrictions change the resale price via changing demand. You, in fact, concede the point at the end of your post: restrictions will make a difference to some people. It doesn't need to make resales less attractive to everyone to change the overall level of demand. If it reduces demand for resales, it reduces the average price of resales.

I am in no way saying that it's going to move the price any particular amount, so I'd really appreciate it if you wouldn't suggest that I did. But the restrictions do reduce the resale value; that's as obvious as anything can be.

Which of these statements is incorrect?
- If resale restrictions help Disney sell direct, it means by definition they increase demand for direct sales.
- If demand increases for direct sales it absolutely must also decrease for resales.
- If demand decreases for resales, average selling prices decrease.
- If other factors drive up the price at the same time, that increase adds to the decrease caused by other factors. One factor doesn't replace another.

If you're arguing that restrictions reduce resale values a trivial amount, then you are also arguing that they increase direct sales a trivial amount. Do you really believe that's the case?
 
Here was the original statement with which I took issue:

You do realize that every time they add a restriction, the resale value of your points goes down?

I have read many of your other threads and posts in which you have analyzed many aspects of the DVC marketplace. To your credit, you are quickly earning a well-deserved reputation here on the Disboards as a knowledgeable source who uses facts and figures to assess the the financial value of DVC ownership in general and the resale market in particular. You have been very good at laying out the facts and letting others form their opinions.

If the statement had been prefaced with "I believe" or "Lots of people think", it could not be disputed. However, as it was stated, there was no qualification in that statement. It is stated as if it were a confirmed fact, not as a closely held belief or assumption.

I agree that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to isolate the effect of resale restrictions on the DVC markets. But its because of that difficulty that I believe any assessment that resale restrictions have on market prices has to be made with qualification.



I am in no way saying that it's going to move the price any particular amount, so I'd really appreciate it if you wouldn't suggest that I did. But the restrictions do reduce the resale value; that's as obvious as anything can be.

I never thought you believed that the resale prices would move a particular amount. Yet, the statement at issue clearly states that the resale value would go down.

I do not concede that restrictions reduce resale value in every case. Some resale buyers, like myself, place no value on having those exchange privileges. Furthermore, since I already own some direct purchased deeds, I am not subject to the Member Cruise restriction. If I were to sell any of my deeds, I may find bidders who feel the same way I do. Thus, the presence of the resale restrictions neither helps or hurts in setting the value of my deeds.

I suspect there are also a few resale buyers who don't know about the resale restrictions. There are probably a larger number of resale buyers who don't know about the Member Cruise restriction. These uniformed buyers are not letting the restrictions set the value they perceive in a resale deed.

Which of these statements is incorrect?
- If resale restrictions help Disney sell direct, it means by definition they increase demand for direct sales.
- If demand increases for direct sales it absolutely must also decrease for resales.
- If demand for resales goes down, average selling prices go down.
- If other factors drive up the price at the same time that stacks with the reduction caused by other factors; one factor doesn't replace another.

Its the second point that I think is the most flawed. Demand can increase for both direct sales and resales at the same time. There are many more people in the DVC marketplace today than there were 10 years ago, and there will be many more in the years to come as more resorts come online. In the next two years, VGF it will bring thousands of new owners into the DVC system. Some of these new owners will want to add on more points and they will use the resale market to do so. Thus, the numbers of direct buyers and resale buyers can increase simultaneously.

If you're arguing that it reduces resale values a trivial amount, then you are also arguing that it increases direct sales a trivial amount. Do you really believe that's the case?

I suppose so, though I have only anecdotal information to rely upon. If a poll was taken of existing DVC members who bought VGF over the last few weeks, how many would list having all direct sale privileges as more than a trivial factor in their purchase?

I know, that is a poor example and shouldn't be used to prove anything. But I think most direct sales have a heavy emotional component in the decision process, while resales are driven mainly on price. A few 15-year OKW or BWV owners who are willing to sell their deeds for $55/point are far more important at setting resale prices than the presence of resale restrictions.
 
Wow, I was originally just trying to see if spending an extra couple grand for a small add on would pay off in cash outlay for future cruises. Got a lot of mileage with that question...

What a bag of Disney fun you opened up, lol. :thumbsup2
 
Why is it sad ? I think they should have more restrictions . I am not sure why people that by resale think that Disney thinks they are there best customers . You basically avoid paying them for there product and you want them to treat you the same .

I think it's sad because it's disparate treatment.

In no particular order.

From a financial and historical price per point aspect: There are direct customers dating back to 1991 that paid less monetarily per point that we paid for our resale points. There is a chance that the people we purchased from paid LESS to DVD originally than we paid to them (the sellers) for the resale price.

From a personal and emotional aspect: We spend A LOT of our income on Disney, including passes, hotels, food, merchandise, pins, vinylmations, etc. We're Disney enthusiasts, and by gosh, it makes me feel bad. "Welcome Home ...(but not you guys)". You are making assumptions about me that we don't spend money with Disney. You don't know me or how much we spend, I can tell you it's a lot more than many people. Yearly passes for 2 decades plus all the money for everything else, thousands on hotel rooms. How is someone who buys direct DVC, gets buyer's remorse, and resells it immediately better than I am? How do they deserve to go on the member cruise more than me? We still are DVC members aren't we? I'd be upset if they let non-members book the member cruise. BUT they are treating us like non-members!

From a legal aspect: Because this caveat was not explicit in our resale dealings. It was not disclosed to us that we would not be welcome to book a DVC member cruise. While we were explicitly told that we could not spend our POINTS in X, Y, and Z manner (the Concierge Collection, the Disney Collection or the Adventurer Collection) after March 21, 2011; we were not told that we could not pay CASH for those same experiences. And the member cruise was not specifically mentioned in the legal notice regarding the exclusions.

From a customer service and business aspect: We want to give them MORE money! Why deny people paying cash for a DVC member cruise? I've heard that they offer nice incentives on direct add-ons when you do the member cruise, why wouldn't they want more of their TARGET audience on board to sell to? To view a customer as only worth how much they pay direct is short-sighted. If they don't change the policy, then yes, maybe they might get some direct purchase from us in the future if needs must, but the money we saved from buying resale pretty much paid for that in full.

Just my opinion, YMMV. :drive:

As I heard many people say, the mouse is going to get the money one way or another. It just pisses me off to be treated differently for something that wasn't disclosed to us ahead of time, and that some people are judgemental of resale customers as not being AS GOOD as direct customers.
 
I think it's sad because it's disparate treatment.

In no particular order.

From a financial and historical price per point aspect: There are direct customers dating back to 1991 that paid less monetarily per point that we paid for our resale points. There is a chance that the people we purchased from paid LESS to DVD originally than we paid to them (the sellers) for the resale price.

From a personal and emotional aspect: We spend A LOT of our income on Disney, including passes, hotels, food, merchandise, pins, vinylmations, etc. We're Disney enthusiasts, and by gosh, it makes me feel bad. "Welcome Home ...(but not you guys)". You are making assumptions about me that we don't spend money with Disney. You don't know me or how much I spend. I can tell you it's thousands and thousands more than many people. Yearly passes for 2 decades plus all the money for everything else, thousands on hotel rooms. How is someone who buys direct DVC, gets buyer's remorse, and resells it immediately better than I am? How do they deserve to go on the member cruise more than me? We still are DVC members aren't we? I'd be upset if they let non-members book the member cruise...and they are treating us like non-members.

From a legal aspect: Because this caveat was not explicit in our resale dealings. It was not disclosed to us that we would not be welcome to book a DVC member cruise. While we were explicitly told that we could not spend our POINTS in X, Y, and Z manner after March 21, 2011; we were not told that we could not pay CASH for those same experiences. And the member cruise was not specifically mentioned in the legal notice regarding the exclusions.

From a customer service and business aspect: We want to give them MORE money! Why deny people paying cash for a DVC member cruise? I've heard that they offer nice incentives on direct add-ons when you do the member cruise, why wouldn't they want more of their TARGET audience on board to sell to? To view a customer as only worth how much they pay direct is short-sighted.
Just my opinion, YMMV. :drive:

As I heard many people say, the mouse is going to get the money one way or another. It just pisses me off to be treated differently for something that wasn't disclosed to us ahead of time, and that some people are judgemental of resale customers as not being AS GOOD as direct customers.

SMH I am not sure how you got all that from the little bit I posted . I even agreed with the fact that they are getting your money other ways (not sure if it was your post ) . That's not the point I was making . I am talking about the initial purchase .

If you buy resale your not buying from Disney . Even if you buy from someone who did buy direct your potentially just lost points sales from Disney perspective . Disney could have doubled their sales had you bought points direct . Instead of just shuffling the contract around . They put restrictions on resale to offer an incentive to to buy direct, if you get the same exact thing for way less resale why would you buy it direct . Most people don't find value in the things that are resale restricted . So that is the resason I stated they should have more restrictions . When people purchase resale it drives up the price for direct buyers , they will get their money one way or another .

About being told of these restrictions or not that's not on anyone but yourself . You should have done the research . I spent about a year and half gathering info about DVC before I purchased . You shouldn't be relying in anyone selling you something to tell you negative things . I don't think any guide told me about it on my 3 tours I took . Even though I found them to be very honest and informative , but I had to ask the questions .
 
OK, wdrl, I think I get what you're saying. I still disagree, but I think we have some common ground to work from. :)

I think I practically wrote a book in this post, so if this is too long, let me sum up by saying, "nuh uh!" :rotfl2:

To your credit, you are quickly earning a well-deserved reputation here on the Disboards as a knowledgeable source who uses facts and figures to assess the the financial value of DVC ownership in general and the resale market in particular. You have been very good at laying out the facts and letting others form their opinions.

Thanks, that's very kind of you to say! For what it's worth, I've been working this problem, in a sense, since 2005 when my sister bought into DVC. She asked me to work the numbers for her and I came to the same basic conclusion then as I did recently - that it's a good deal. We didn't buy then because our financial position wasn't the same, and we weren't really sure we'd be going to WDW enough to make it worthwhile. As it turns out, we did, so I kinda wish we'd bought back then.

In 2011, when my sister told me about the new restrictions, my immediate reaction was, "the current owners should be really upset about this; it reduces the resale value of their contract." My sister hadn't thought of it that way; she was happy that she'd gotten in before the restrictions, even though she never uses her points for non-DVC stuff because it's not a good deal.

We were actually considering buying around then, and I didn't end up going forward on it because the whole idea of Disney creating a "two tier" membership left a bad taste in my mouth. Disney has always had a better timeshare product than anyone else, largely because they never played these games. They have the best resale value, to the best of my knowledge, in the timeshare industry. If Disney was turning into just another timeshare company, I thought, why bother getting involved?

Eventually I made my peace with it and bought in. Shortly afterward I found out about the fact that resale buyers are excluded from the member cruise. Once again, I wish I could not be bothered by it, but it leaves a bad taste. To be honest, I think it's really stupid that Disney would do something like this. They have a brand to protect, and it seems to me it couldn't be worth it to make some of their guests feel second class. But they can do what they want.

Sorry, that's a lot of background. I just wanted to let you know that this isn't some conclusion I jumped to recently.

If the statement had been prefaced with "I believe" or "Lots of people think", it could not be disputed. However, as it was stated, there was no qualification in that statement. It is stated as if it were a confirmed fact, not as a closely held belief or assumption.

Yes! Because I believe it's a statement that is true, like "water is wet" or "the sun rises in the east". Saying that "some people think it's true" is not strong enough to express my belief that Disney's restrictions on resales reduce the resale value of every owner's contract.

I mean, I could be wrong. But the idea that restrictions on what you can do with a property lower the value of that property is pretty central to my understanding of economics, finance, psychology, human nature, life, Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance. So I would need a better argument than "prove it" to shake that belief. :)

I never thought you believed that the resale prices would move a particular amount. Yet, the statement at issue clearly states that the resale value would go down.

Right. I don't know the magnitude of the effect. I know that it is negative. I suppose it could be zero, or so close to it as to be immaterial. But in that case, it's not actually working, and then Disney is just being petty. Which is worse? If Disney is harming resale values or is just being mean?

I do not concede that restrictions reduce resale value in every case. Some resale buyers, like myself, place no value on having those exchange privileges.

OK, now here we're talking past each other. When we speak about the "resale value", really we're talking about an estimate of what a thing would sell for today if one tried to sell it. There's no guarantee of what exactly it would sell for; you would need to sell it to find out. But you can look at the average price of similar properties that have sold and call that the expected resale value. And in fact when people do sell, the price clusters around the current resale prices other people have paid. That's just a function of markets.

So when I say that restrictions "lower the resale price" I mean that the average resale price goes down. You, specifically, are not guaranteed to get a lower price, but it does reduce your odds of selling above any specific price and raises your odds of selling below that same price. The market average, though, is essentially guaranteed to move down. Again, maybe by a trivial amount, but definitely down.

And even though there are people who assign no value to the perks that are restricted, some people do assign value to them; we see it here on the boards. Disney apparently feels that the restrictions add value for Disney. If they failed to increase direct sales it's unclear why Disney would continue them.

If I were to sell any of my deeds, I may find bidders who feel the same way I do. Thus, the presence of the resale restrictions neither helps or hurts in setting the value of my deeds.

I don't agree. It absolutely hurts in setting the value of your deeds. The value is not considered in isolation from every other sale; it is based on what people have paid recently. If fewer people are buying resale because direct is marginally more attractive, the prices must come down to attract the marginal buyers. Even a buyer who doesn't care about the resale restrictions does care about getting a good deal, so his price will be anchored to the market price, and the market price is set in the aggregate, not by a specific buyer.

There are probably a larger number of resale buyers who don't know about the Member Cruise restriction. These uniformed buyers are not letting the restrictions set the value they perceive in a resale deed.

Sure. But not everyone needs to have perfect information for a market to move. The people who do care about the restrictions either stay out of the resale market, or refuse to buy until they can get a larger discount. This drives the price down.

Its the second point that I think is the most flawed. Demand can increase for both direct sales and resales at the same time.

OK, there is a concept at work here called "independent variables." It can be true simultaneously that the overall number of buyers is going up while at the same time the proportion of buyers that are choosing direct over resale is going up. One variable does not affect the other variable (though they both independently affect the final prices).

So if resale restrictions "work" to suppress resales, there will be proportionally fewer buyers looking at resales, and the price of resales will be suppressed. This is not in an absolute sense, but relative to what the price would be if there were no resale restrictions. Other market forces might be moving the overall average up or down as well, but all of those changes "stack."

If a poll was taken of existing DVC members who bought VGF over the last few weeks, how many would list having all direct sale privileges as more than a trivial factor in their purchase?

Not a good example. You can't buy VGF resale, so the answer is basically "none." On the other hand, many AKV buyers took into account the resale restrictions? It's not zero. We see people here all the time say they won't buy resale because they want to use their points for cruises. I feel sorry for those people, not because they're misusing their points but because they're immediately jumped on from all sides by people telling them they should buy resale. :)

Of course, they totally should buy resale. I think we all agree on that, at least. :lmao:
 
SMH I am not sure how you got all that from the little bit I posted . I even agreed with the fact that they are getting your money other ways (not sure if it was your post ) . That's not the point I was making . I am talking about the initial purchase .

You asked, why it was sad. I had a multi-faceted answer.

If you buy resale your not buying from Disney . Even if you buy from someone who did buy direct your potentially just lost points sales from Disney perspective .

Although that may be true, they didn't get my dollars; it is a fallacy to assume they would have.

No one should make the assumption that a buyer would 100% buy direct if a resale contract is not available (i.e. a monopoly). I don't know why DVD would assume it's 100% in the bag if they can make 2nd tier ownership unlikeable. The other options are: they wouldn't buy at all, they would rent instead, or vacation elsewhere.

Disney could have doubled their sales had you bought points direct . Instead of just shuffling the contract around . They put restrictions on resale to offer an incentive to to buy direct, if you get the same exact thing for way less resale why would you buy it direct .

They still potentially could have --- if they wanted my contract so bad, they could have bought it out from under me and sold it to someone else direct - AND reinstated said exclusions to the direct buyer. Looks like no one but me wanted it at the time. They always have the upper hand on each resale deal.

There were no restrictions for those grandfathered in, so prior to 3/21/11 everyone was treated equally with regards to resale or direct.
So that must have lead to them losing a lot of sales. But, I also agree with the PP that raising restrictions will lower resale prices. So, this potentially will hurt direct sales even more. There will always be people who can live with restrictions if they are saving money.

When you buy a used contract, you aren't getting the full amount of years - so yeah, the price should be less by default regardless of the restrictions. Just like a used car vs. new car. Why would you pay full price for something with mileage on it? But buying used shouldn't nullify basic warranties and if it does, these are things that a dealer should be telling the buyer.


Most people don't find value in the things that are resale restricted . So that is the resason I stated they should have more restrictions . When people purchase resale it drives up the price for direct buyers , they will get their money one way or another .

Currently the only restrictions that are publically acknowledged are those I had quoted mentioned previously. There is no public statement regarding the member cruise that I could find.


About being told of these restrictions or not that's not on anyone but yourself . You should have done the research . I spent about a year and half gathering info about DVC before I purchased . You shouldn't be relying in anyone selling you something to tell you negative things . I don't think any guide told me about it on my 3 tours I took . Even though I found them to be very honest and informative , but I had to ask the questions .

I did do the research required, and like I said, if push came to shove, we saved enough money on our resale contract that it would cover the cost of buying a 25 pt contract direct if need be. However, I feel that DVD has a legal obligation to contain all exclusions in writing for timeshare realtors to show to all buyers. I'm only finding out about this almost a year after signing our purchase agreement.

You should not have to ask if a car comes an engine or with tires. You assume it does, unless otherwise specified.

I still would have purchased the resale contract, but I would have been happier knowing exactly what to expect up front.
 
Without getting into who said what, I agree that the Member Cruise restriction isn't fair.

Rather than waisting more time with each other, why not send an email to Member Satisfaction expressing your displeasure. I did right after the restriction was announced.
dvcmembersatisfactionteam@disneyvacationclub.com

DVD/DVC is under new management and if enough make their voices heard, maybe things will improve.

:earsboy: Bill
 
Although that may be true, they didn't get my dollars; it is a fallacy to assume they would have.

No one should make the assumption that a buyer would 100% buy direct if a resale contract is not available (i.e. a monopoly). I don't know why DVD would assume it's 100% in the bag if they can make 2nd tier ownership unlikeable. The other options are: they wouldn't buy at all, they would rent instead, or vacation elsewhere.

Thats why I said potentially .

did do the research required, and like I said, if push came to shove, we saved enough money on our resale contract that it would cover the cost of buying a 25 pt contract direct if need be. However, I feel that DVD has a legal obligation to contain all exclusions in writing for timeshare realtors to show to all buyers. I'm only finding out about this almost a year after signing our purchase agreement.

Your expectations are unrealistic , for any business this is just not the way it works . They put in writing what is included and its up to you to determine whats missing .

should not have to ask if a car comes an engine or with tires. You assume it does, unless otherwise specified.

Well only cause you would likely notice if the tires were missing as soon as you saw it and the you would notice the engine wasn't there when you went to move it . But lets make a better example say the car has bad brakes no ones going to tell you that unless you look or road test the car . But its up to you to road test the car .
 
Yes, you can pay cash for everyone if you like. You do not have to use points, you just have to own some directly purchased points.

That's good to know, thanks, Bobbiwoz. I had wondered about that - just never asked :)
 



















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