Every district is different. I can't find the must knows & should knows list for starting K right now. I've listed a couple I remember off hand in a previous post. One must was to cut in a straight line, a should was to cut along a curved line. They must be able to recognize numbers 1-10 and count to ten, and should for up to 20. Must recognize all capital letters. Should recognize lower case letters & at least 1/2 of the sounds made (and no -uhs at the end). They do work on all these things the first quarter in our K to get all the kids on the same page (not so much the musts, but the shoulds) so it does seem so pointless.
At the end of K, every child needs to master all the previous musts & shoulds, PLUS:
*Book awareness (front & back covers, how to hold a book, title page, author & illustrator [where listed & what they do], etc)
*Demonstrates comprehension of a story read aloud (and they mean detailed)
*Produces rhyming words
*Indentifies beginning sounds in words (sound & letter that makes that sound)
*Identifies ending sounds in words (sound & letter)
*Orally belnds letter sounds
*Recognizes sight words (50)
*Reads books on level (this is where the sounding out comes in)
*Prints first & last name using capital and lowercase letters
* Writes using knowledge of sounds (they are told a word and using the sound of the word must spell the word correctly)
*Writes across the page left to right, top to bottom
*Know all the basic shapes
*sort objects by attributes
*Describes, extends, & creates patterns
*Compares & orders objects (by length, capacity, & weight)
*Constructs & uses graphs
*Identfies numbers 0-100
*Writes numbers 0-100
Creates sets of objects to 20
shows joining & separating of sets
*Counts to 100 by rote (forward & backwards), fives, & tens
*Satisfactorly respect authority, school property, & others
*Keep hands, feet & objects to self
*Follow directions
*Listen attentively
*Complete tasks
*Stay on task
And in addition to all this stuff they learn about other things. Right now my DS is learning about the body (they're doing experiements on tooth care with eggs) and they are studing Martin Luther King Jr. They also have to pass knowledge of these types of things for their Science/Health and Social Studies grades. Everything must be passed to go to first grade, because there the expectations triple.