ducklite said:
ITA!
I provided a list of documentation to support my assertations about cognitive and physiological differences between breastfed and formula fed infants, which WDWfor5 implied were incorrect.
I'm still waiting for her to offer any peer reviewed, published research that proves her assertations.
Anne
It took a little while, to find all of them. The bottom line is this - Breastmilk has substantial benefits and formula feeding carries risk. We all make decisions everyday and no mother is perfect. Children grow up healthy in spite of the additional risk from formula and some breastfed babies get sick despite receing breastmilk. It comes down to deciding what risks are acceptable to you and what aren't.
Breastfeeding reduces chances of baby developing allergies.
[Halken S, Host A, Hansen LG, et al. Effect of an allergy prevention programme on incidence of atopic symptoms in infancy Ann Allergy. 1992;47:545-553 Saarinen UM, Kajossari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 yrs old. Lancet. 1995;346:1065-1069]
Breastfeeding lowers risk of baby developing asthma.
[Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Med., Jul 1995]
Women who were breastfed as children have a 25% lower risk of developing breast cancer in later life.
[Freudenheim, J. et al. 1994 Exposure to breast milk in infancy and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 5:324-331]
Breastfeeding may decrease risk of SIDS.
[Ford RPK, Taylor BJ, Mitchell EA, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome Int J. Epidemiol. 1993;22:885-890 Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Ford RPK, et al Four modifiable and other major risk factors for cot death: the New Zealand Study J Paediatr Child Health. 1992;28:S3-S8 Scragg LK, Mitchell EA, Tonkin SL, et al. Evaluation of the cot death prevention programme in South Auckland NZ Med J. 1993;106:8-10]
Crohn's disease
Breastfeeding protects against this intestinal disorder.[Koletzko S, Sherman P, Corey M, et al. Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood]
Breastfeeding is good for tooth and jaw development, and breastfed babies get fewer cavities.[The Complete Book Of Breastfeeding M.S. Eiger. MD, S. Wendkos Olds Copyright 1972, 1987 Comstock, Inc., Workman Publishing Co., Labbok, M.H. Does Breastfeeding Protect against Malocclusion? An Analysis of the 1981 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1987 Loesche WJ/ Nutrition and dental decay in infants Am J Clin Nutr 41; 423-435, 1985]
Breastfeeding reduces the risk of baby developing type I (juvenile, insulin-dependent) diabetes.
[Virtanen et al Diet, Cow's milk protein antibodies and the risk of IDDM in Finnish children Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Diabetologia, Apr 1994, 37(4):381-7 Mayer, EJ, Hamman RF, Gay EC, et al. Reduced risk of IDDM among breast-fed children Diabetes, 1988;37:1625-1632]
Breastfeeding is thought to be a stronger factor than genetic predisposition in preventing eczema.
[Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. "Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study
until 17 yrs of age." Lancet. 1995; 346:1065-]
Breastfeeding protects against high cholesterol and blood sugar levels in later life.
[Research: Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland. Pub. Daily Mail 29 Jan 2001]
Breast milk helps the development of baby's immune system.[Koutras, A.K. Fecal Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Breast Milk vs. Formula Feeding in Early Infancy J. Ped Gastro Nutr 1989]
Breastfed babies go on to develop better intelligence and greater academic achievement.
[Horwood & Fergusson Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes Jan 1998 Pediatrics Vol. 101, No. 1 Morrow-Tlucak M, Haude RH, Ernhart CB. Breastfeeding & cognitive development in the first 2 years of life Soc Sci Med. 1988:26;635-639 Lucas A. Breast Milk and Subsequent Intelligence Quotient in Children Born Preterm Lancet 1992;339:261-62 Wang YS, Wu SY.The effect of exclusive breastfeeding on development and incidence of infection in infants J Hum Lactation. 1996; 12:27-30]
Breastfeeding appears to be associated with a decreased likelihood of multiple sclerosis.
[Dick, G. "The Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis." Proc Roy Soc Med 1989;69;611-5]
Breastfeeding protects against respiratory infections.
[Frank Al, Taber LH, Glezen WP, et al. Breast-feeding and respiratory virus infection Pediatrics 1982;70:239-245 Wright AI, Holberg DJ, Martinez FD, et al. Breast feeding and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life Br Med J. 1989;299:935-949 Chen Y. Synergistic effect of passive smoking and artificial feeding on hospitalization for respiratory illness in early childhood Chest. 1989;95:1004-1007 Wright AL, Holberg CH, Taussig LM, et al.
Relationship of infant feeding to recurrent wheezing at age 6 yrs Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:758-763]
Scariati P.D. et al., A Longitudinal Analysis of Infant Morbidity and The Extent of Breastfeeding in the United States. Pediatrics. June, 1997. 99(6):E5.
Examined the rates of diarrhea and ear infections in US infants, adjusting for several confounding effects and examining the effect of how much breastmilk was consumed, unlike many earlier studies. The authors found that "The risk of developing either diarrhea or ear infection increased as the amount of breast milk an infant received decreased...Breastfeeding protects US infants against the development of diarrhea and ear infection. Breastfeeding does not have to be exclusive to confer this benefit...[but] the more breast milk an infants receives in the first 6 months of life, the less likely that he or she will develop diarrhea or ear infection."
Wilson AC and others. Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven-year follow-up cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. British Medical Journal 1998;316:21-25. This study followed infants from the above cohort into childhood. Subjects were studied at 7 years of age. After adjustment for significant confounding variables, the estimated probability of ever having respiratory illness was 17 percent for those children exclusively breast-fed for at least 15 weeks, 31 percent for those partially breast-fed and 32 percent for those who were artificially fed. This means that the bottle-fed infants were at almost twice the risk of developing respiratory illness at any time during the first 7 years of life. This study also found solid feeding before 15 weeks was associated with an increased probability of wheeze as well as increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood. Systolic blood pressure was raised significantly in children who were exclusively bottle-fed compared with children who received breast milk.
Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet
1990;336:1519-1522. Nine hundred twenty-six preterm infants were studied, 51 of whom developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Exclusively formula fed infants were six to 10 times more likely to develop NEC than those who received breast milk. Although NEC is rare in babies over 30 weeks gestation, it was 20 times more common if the baby had received no breast milk.
I found more, but I thought this would be enough to convince anyone that the benefits of breastfeeding extend well past 12 months of age. Many of the diseases breastfeeding helps prevent have serious long term health ramifications.
Does not breastfeeding cause cancer? Not on it's own, but it increases the risk of getting it substantially. Can I compare it to smoking? Yes, because it increases health risks for the baby from asthma to allergies to respitory infections. Some mothers will tell you that they smoked while pregnant and their baby was fine. That may be true but it doesn't mean it's okay to smoke.
If you want more studies, let me know and I'll find more.