For US travelers, there are actually 5 Federal agencies whose restrictions must be taken into account when deciding what one can and cannot pack when travelling by air. Some rules apply to carry-on baggage only, some rules apply to checked ("belly of the plane") baggage in addition to carry on baggage, and some apply to both types but only on flights that enter and leave US territory.
I'll break it down for you with links to the official lists:
If you are flying into the US from another country: for ALL baggage, regardless of where it is stowed, you must obey the limits set by the US Food and Drug Administration, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, and the US Customs Service: (
http://www.customs.ustreas.gov/xp/cgov/travel/clearing_goods/agri_prod_inus.xml). These rules are either meant to protect the US food supply by preventing the importation of agricultural diseases and pests, or to foil smugglers who are attempting to avoid paying US import taxes.
in addition:
If you are flying domestically within the US *or* flying internationally out of the US to another country, you need to obey the restrictions on substances and items in carry-on baggage that are set by the US Transportation Security Administration:
http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/index.shtm These rules are meant to foil persons who wish to deliberately carry weapons or improvised explosives aboard commercial aircraft in order to do harm.
and:
For checked baggage ("belly of the plane") on ALL flights that fly through US airspace, you ALSO need to obey FAA regulations regarding the carriage of substances that could cause accidental (or deliberate) damage to the aircraft or danger to passengers. This list is here:
http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/prohibited/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm#9 (You need to scroll down to the heading that says
Explosive & Flammable Materials, Disabling Chemicals & Other Dangerous Items.)
Included in that last category are such items as matches, cigarette lighters, nail polish and/or remover, flammable paints, oxygen tanks, and aerosol cleaning products such as Lysol spray or aerosol spray starch. They are all flammable and could become incendiaries if a fire were to start in the cargo hold.