I can't vote in your poll because none of the options apply in our situation.
We have an 11-year-old Chocolate Labrador and she is primarily an outdoor dog, but not by choice. She refused to be housebroken when she was a puppy, and even now if we let her in the house she will have an accident on the carpet if we let her in for too long a time so we don't let her inside very often.
She has a pen outside by the garage, with a well-insulated dog house and DH keeps a thick layer of cedar wood chips on the floor of it for her to sleep on. He has plywood boards against the outside of the pen by her dog house to keep the wind off it. She has a self-feeder for her food, and a heated water dish so she is quite comfortable.
She is let out of the pen daily, when DH is out and about, some days she's out most of the day. She goes in the truck with DH a lot, so she does get a lot of attention but just is not an "indoor" dog. When we got her we had every intention of having her in the house so it was very frustrating that she would not "take" to housebreaking.
During the winter when the temperature gets too cold outside we do let her sleep in the garage at night. She has a thick cloth bed to sleep on in there.
I don't feel there is a "right" or a "wrong" if a dog is an indoor dog or an outdoor dog, except of course in the case of a small dog. Michigan winters would not be kind to small dogs left outside I don't think. It's whatever is right for your own family though. Your decision and yours alone.
And those that make a general statement that no dog should ever be left outside obviously have never been on a farm. Many farm owners have outdoor dogs. And some say if you have an outdoor dog how much time can you really be spending with that dog? Well, for families where the kids are in school all day and both parents work outside the home the same thing can be said about them. If you're out of your home for 9-10 hours during the day, and you sleep for 8 hours, and you have school functions to attend, meetings, etc. in the evenings how much time are those families spending with their indoor dog? It can go both ways.