Well, this is an interesting thread.
First, if you want to find your original file inside of iPhoto, use the menu option to show it in the Finder. Select a photo and here's how it looks:
Next, exporting from iPhoto does not cause any changes or artifacts in the original. Changing it to export as a different file type *may* cause changes because you're losing data when you make the export, but that's true of any other program, too.
Finally, I run a web site for those of you who are interested in comparing Aperture and Lightroom. Some of the posts are also tutorials, and there will be more of those coming up next year. Both are fine programs. Each does something the other doesn't, but they mostly do much of the same thing. Which one works best for you really depends upon your needs (and presumes you're using a Mac, since Aperture doesn't run on Windows).
http://aperturevslightroom.com