Interesting thread! (Even though my blood pressure began rising just reading it!) I'm not sure there are any "right" or "wrong" answers here, it's just each person's interpretation! And it's really hard to know exactly what type of influence mothers have unless we have an in-depth analysis of their behavior, too - lol! It's interesting to see that some people say, "Let the kids work it out" and others feel the kids should be "directed". We can see how personalities of the individuals involved help shape this in so many ways. (And again, neither right, nor wrong, just different.)
My DD18 is just ending her high school days so it's interesting to look back. In first grade, there were only six girls in her class, but the girl who DD considered her "best friend" didn't invite DD to her bday party even though everyone else was invited (and even though DD had held her hair up while she vomited in school that day, and helped her to the bathroom to clean up, etc.). It was one of the first "hurts" she experienced by other girls. (And I'll never forget the night she told me the story, saying first, she hoped her friend was ok because she'd been sick that day, then softly crying, wondering why she wasn't invited to the party.) I'd asked the teacher about it because the school had a "policy" in place that if one student got invited, all were supposed to be invited, for one thing, so I was surprised it had happened, but I also wanted to know if she had any insight into it. Her response was that she'd noticed it but had no understanding as to why; that she'd thought it was "weird" too. My own feeling was that it was because I was in cancer treatment at the time, and somehow that made the mom uncomfortable, because there really seemed to be no other reason neither I nor DD nor the teacher could figure out. I didn't know the mom at all so I let it go. We moved on. DD at the time was playing sports and had a variety of friends who were both boys and girls, as she has a twin brother so it was natural to hang out with boys sometimes, too.
Fast forward to third grade. DD was in the schoolyard one day and was over with her brother with the boys for a while. When she came back to the girl group, one girl (might fit the category here of "queen bee" type), told DD in front of everyone she was "weird" because she liked boys (exact words, and ironic, too, since this girl went on to let's just say, have a lot of boyfriends), then slapped her across the face! I learned about this after school on a Friday afternoon before a school vacation week, but talked to the teacher, who investigated. Turns out, a schoolyard monitor had witnessed the interaction, and yes, the slapping, but other girl said she'd done it by "accident". (And yes, I pursued it.) Needless to say, this left DD, who is pretty quiet and shy, somewhat devastated (and afraid, and confused, and a lot of other emotions that are hard to capture here). She still hung out with some of the girls who were more like herself. In middle school and high school, she met a lot of new girls and developed some new friendships, but many of them seemed to already have a "best friend" and some of these "best friends" did some pretty hurtful things to DD to keep her at arm's length from their friends. One actually used to send pictures to DD every time she was alone with their mutual friend, always of them laughing and having fun and on amusement rides, etc. DD told her friend she found it hurtful to get these pictures, which were obviously meant to taunt her, but her friend seemed to be enjoying the attention from both sides and never took a stand with her friend. DD eventually ended the friendship after a particularly brutal weekend of "pictures".
Another issue that I think was difficult was the "cafeteria" issue of having a finite number of seats at a table, and this was the case for both boys and girls. Saving of seats, and excuding others caused lots of hurts on a daily basis, with lots of kids. (I know when I was growing up, both schools I attended had really long tables so that exclusion really wasn't an issue in the cafeteria, but it is if there are only 8 seats at a table. I think designers of schools should consider this more.) And lastly, "partnering" is really difficult for many kids. It is cutthroat! In looking around the college campus of the school DD eventually chose, one of the things that she liked about it was seeing women comfortable eating alone, or sitting/walking alone, without clinging to eachother, which is one of the things that drover her crazy in HS. There are literally girls who cannot even walk to the trash can to throw their trash away without having another girl go with them. Or to the bathroom. Or anywhere, really. DD is pretty comfortable with doing her own thing and doesn't need anyone as a crutch, so she's tended to form friendships with older people over the past few years to get away from this type of behavior. She's got mixed emotions leaving high school. On the one hand, she's sentimental, but on the other, she's anxious to move on.