Good question. In Germany it is a mixture. Centogene, like DeCODE in Iceland, volunteered to cover much of the costs out of their own interests and research. So in Germany, there are facilities run by Centogene which are at no cost if one returns from travel. If one wants a certificate to travel, one has to pay. Then other facilities are run by the Bundeswehr (military) and the Red Cross jointly. And yet others are through the health care system.Who pays for that? The Canadian Government?
From what I know from an AC exec, AC and Westjet were paying in an effort to convince the government to adopt testing and thus increase their own business. (They are still operating at a huge loss of course, but probably the cost offset some of that loss in the long run)
It also brings up an interesting point which you and Colleen were discussing about gap years. What happens when resources run low? The Bundeswehr does contact tracing in Germany, and helps run the testing sites. But mandatory service was dropped years ago, and most Germans opted during their service year to do humanitarian aid abroad, or work for a non-profit, or do this type of work.
I was also reviewing UNV ie United Nations Volunteers roles recently. With so many borders closed, they cannot find resources. They have so many open skilled roles, which need to be in country and are struggling to fill them... Imagine if all these university students who put off their studies could fill these roles? What a great opportunity lost right now on both sides.