In the fee paying sector we have kindergarten, prep for 4 to 13 year old, then senior schools up to 18. We used to then have technical colleges (trade based skills), polytechnics (somewhere between technical colleges and Universities) and Universities, but then polytechnics became universities. Most degrees are three year courses, but differ from your Uni degrees because students specialise from day one. Some degrees, such as law, medicine, dentistry are longer. Students can remain at University for Masters or PhDs or they can complete them alongside a job.
Although the majority of children take exams at 15/16 and 17/18 and they are called GCSEs and A levels, there are a number of exam boards and they have varying standards. Clever teachers shop around for their weaker and stronger students, thus enabling them to achieve the best grades. Not all ‘A’s’ are equal. At 18 the majority of schools sit A levels and the various grades are worth points, and you need a certain number of points to read particular subjects at University. Many of the elite public schools, believe that A levels are too easy and restrictive and so they choose to prepare pupils for IBs or Cambridge Pre Us.
Whether a child sits A levels, IBs or Pre Us, the results are published in the summer (July/August) and until those results are out, young people don’t know whether they have good enough grades to enter further education.
I think that it quite different from the US system, isn’t it?