I think it'd be easier to help plan if we had a list of the characters you'd like to meet.
Otherwise, it's process of elimination to avoid repeats (assuming you want to avoid repeats). As far as I can recollect, the character meals are:
Animal Kingdom
- Tusker House (Donald, Daisy, Mickey, Minnie, Goofy in safari attire)
Hollywood Studios
- Hollywood and Vine [breakfast] (Sofia the First, Doc McStuffins, Handy Manny, Jake)
- Hollywood and Vine [dinner] (Minnie, Mickey, Donald, Daisy, Goofy)
Magic Kingdom
- Cinderella's Royal Table [2 credits] (Cinderella plus assorted other princesses; often Ariel, Aurora, Snow White)
- Crystal Palace (Pooh, Piglet, Tigger, Eeyore)
Resorts
- Beach Club; Cape May [breakfast] (Minnie, Goofy, Pluto in beach attire)
- Boardwalk; La Trattoria [breakfast] (Ariel & Eric, Rapunzel & Flynn)
- Contemporary; Chef Mickey's (Minnie, Mickey, Donald, Pluto, Goofy in chef attire)
- Grand Floridian; 1900 Park Faire [breakfast] (Mary Poppins, Alice, Mad Hatter)
- Grand Floridian; 1900 Park Faire [dinner] (Cinderella, Prince Charming, Lady Tremaine, step-sisters)
- Polynesian; 'Ohana [breakfast] (Lilo, Stitch, Mickey, Pluto)
Ok... since Tusker House and H&V dinner have the same exact characters, I'd drop one, and as Tusker House is the
only character meal in AK, I'd keep that one. By the same token, I'd keep at most one of Cape May, Chef Mickey's, and 'Ohana to get Pluto - 'Ohana also gets you Lilo & Stitch.
For princesses, I'd rather spend the two credits at a combo of 1900 PF for a dinner and La Trattoria for a breakfast than spend two credits at CRT.
That leaves H&V (breakfast), Crystal Palace, and 1900 PF (breakfast) to round it out. If you've already decided on 1900 PF for dinner, I wouldn't repeat it, though.
So, my recommendations: Tusker House (any), 'Ohana breakfast, 1900 PF dinner, La Trattoria breakfast, and either H&V breakfast or Crystal Palace (any).
Working with your list above, I'd suggest:
- Arrival Day (Disney Springs): 1900 Park Faire dinner
- MVMCP day: 'Ohana breakfast
- Animal Kingdom day: Tusker House (any)
- Hollywood Studios day: La Trattoria breakfast [alt: Hollywood & Vine breakfast]
- Magic Kingdom day: Crystal Palace (any)
Should get you a total of: Mickey (twice), Minnie, Goofy, Donald, Daisy, Pluto, Lilo, Stitch, Cinderella, Prince Charming, Lady Tremaine, the two step-sisters, Ariel, Eric, Rapunzel, Flynn, Pooh, Piglet, Tigger and Eeyore.
Note, this is strictly based on maximizing unique character meets via meals. Characters are, of course, subject to change without notice at any meal.