I look at it this way, by allowing another person in a 1 bedroom, it causes in increase in utilities both water and electric to some extent and also increased wear and tear on the furniture and bedding and people wonder why we're seeing maintenance costs go up.
Those are among the reasons why I feel they should not allow over, even the 5 in a 1 BR or 9 in a 2 BR for those not designed for such. There is a lot more to it than just utilities, unit damage and bedding though. There's also extra parking, pressure on the common amenities (pool, etc), more personnel costs, more damage to about everything else you can think of (road, sidewalk), one could go on and on.
I don't have the info to quantify the extra cost, I doubt anyone does as I'd bet the study has never been done, but it's not possibly to argue there isn't extra costs related, at least with a straight face. Usually when this comes up someone chimes in about other issues that also tend to increase costs. Smokers, young kids, slobs, etc; and all of those are true as well but meaningless in this discussion. They are both additive and independent. Two wrongs don't make a right so to speak. IMO,
DVC should me more aggressive in charging damages to the responsible members, including those that smoke on the patio. At this point often someone chimes in that not every unit is over, some are under, like that is somehow helpful, it's not and it's assumed when occupancy and amenity decisions are made. By design, not all units will be at capacity but there is no allowance for overages. There are no carbon credits here.
I know many here look at the unit maximums and assume they are the intended occupancy but that is far from the case. The industry assumes that most studios will have 2, 1 BR will have 2-3 and a 2 BR will have 4-6. Many timeshares will fine you or kick you out if you're over, appropriately so. Thus hitting the intended max is really stuffing the room to a degree.