I've done all types of flooring in my house and concrete paint (epoxy) in my garage.
I think your best solution is to use self stick laminate tiles. These are peel and stick tiles with a sticky back that you literally just stick to the concrete. They are 100% do it yourself and cheap compared to wood or tile. One of the things I love about these tiles is if one gets damaged you can peel it up with a knife and just stick a new one in it's place which makes it super easy to maintain. It will look like a finished floor and be comfortable to walk on.
They make special epoxy paint for floors but it goes on just like thick regular paint, regular paint won't last with walking on it so if you decide to paint you'd need floor paint. It's as easy to do as painting but also requires you to acid wash your floor first or it won't stick, make sure you open all your windows and doors when you do the acid or the epoxy because they both have strong harsh smells. My biggest concern with this is it's not very nice to your feet, you might have to wear shoes in your house all the time.
Doing the laminate wood flooring is pretty easy but with a puppy in the house I would advice against it unless he is fully house trained, it will absorb liquid so after a few months of accidents it will start to cup and smell.
Tile really is the best long term solution with a dog in the house but it requires a tile saw to do it properly and is a lot of work. It wasn't as difficult as I thought it would be but it was very time consuming and back breaking. I think it took me 3 full weekends to tile my basement floor and a few more weekends for my back to recover.
I think you would really like the self stick tile, there are hundreds of styles, it's easy to apply, and the result is a comfortable finished floor.