Operculum - Plectrum complex
dual (high & low) frequency hearing detection
has some unique features & some aspects are typical of all tetrapod hearing
salamanders use just the lower frequency system
frogs may use either low or high frequency system
Low frequency vibrations (< 1000 Hz)
transmission of ground vibrations caused by prey or predators
** unique - vibrations travel up leg bones, to scapula to tense "muscle opercularis"
if muscle relaxes, the transmission pathway is disrupted
muscle transmits vibrations through "opercular" window into inner ear
inner ear
**amphibian papillae or papilla amphibiorum - unique to amphibians
hair cells detect only these low frequencies
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