The lens I'll be using is a Nikon DX VR AF-S 18-140mm 1:3.5-5.6G ED
At night I'll be trying to shoot pretty much each subject you listed - depending on the situation.
I'll probably try using raw and JPEG. Raw is new to me and using more manual than point and shoot will be too.
I originally had grand ideas of getting lessons/classes before the trip, but never got to do it! So, I'll be futzing around with my camera as much as I can!
It's quite a bit to master on the fly. Overall, once you know what you're doing, you can get much better results with raw and manual. But with less experience, you can often get better results with JPEG and auto, or semi auto modes.
Some basics:
Fireworks: use a tripod. Set ISO to 100. Try aperture priority mode, set aperture to about 11. See what shutter speed it gives you-- about 5-10 seconds is good. Use a remote shutter release or a 2 second timer. That way you don't shake the camera when taking the shot. Manual focus often works best, just short of infinity.
Parades.... Often lots of spot lights, lit up floats within darkness. Try an af-c, as the parade subjects are moving. Spot metering could work better than matrix metering. Keep exposure in auto mode, or shutter priority, setting shutter speed to 1/160 to freeze the action. (Need faster shutter speed for real action but that should be fast enough for a slow parade).
People at night: use rear flash, or slow synch. Matrix metering is fine.
Stationary objects-- if you can use a tripod, then use a slow shutter speed and low ISO. But if you are handheld, then use the largest aperture you can (smallest number is actually largest aperture), and boost the ISO as far as you can comfortably.