Actually, if it's someone I know personally (as opposed to a telemarketer) I pretty much do know every single time the phone rings. I can say to DH "You answer that because it's going to be your sister and she wants to talk to you". Freaks him out a little.
When my mother was failing over the summer, I used to know when the phone rang when it was going to be her calling to tell me she wasn't feeling well vs. calling to chat.
But no, if it's Jake from State Farm, I don't know that it's specifically him calling because, unlike the guy on the TV commercial, I have no close personal relationship with Jake.
As I have said, I think the human mind is capable of a lot more than we think. I think a lot of things that happen are truly not explainable by science. But that's just me. YMMV.