This sounds like a fun thought exercise!
First, figure out what starches your family eats whether it's rice, pasta, bread, potatoes or something I'm missing. In most households, that's a major part of the diet, so that right there helps with making your list up. Once you know what it is, it's a no-brainer to check your supplies on the way out the door. Pasta is a great one for the busiest nights, and it goes on sale every few weeks, always different brands, so you can stock up on cheap pasta whenever it's cheap. It also keeps.
Second, do like they used to and cook one HUGE roast every Sunday. Use the carcass for soup during the week, use the meat in sandwiches, stir fries, chef's salads and so on. Freeze a bunch, so if you had a pork roast this week, there's roast beef or chicken in the freezer to vary things up during the week. I determine the week's roast by whichever is on good sale. (It doesn't have to be roast, of course. When ground meat was on terrific sale, I made ten pounds of loose sausage and froze a bunch. Terrific meat pies later on for a winter treat.)
Third, learn to work your flavor bases, often called holy trinities. Our go to flavor base is mirepoix, or onions, carrots, and celery. I get them in large packs when on sale and freeze bags of them pre sliced or chopped, ready for a sofritto or soup. Flavor bases are the cheats of the kitchen, and when you work with one a great deal it becomes part of your signature and it certainly saves time and guess work. The same goes extra for herbs and spices. I use sage, thyme, rosemary, bay leaf, parsley, and basil almost every day, and marjoram and savoury about once a week for the roast. Ok, I also use dill in summer and fennel whenever I make sausage, but I'm a bit of an herb nut, I have a membership in Seed Savers Flower & Herb Exchange to prove it, but the point is to know what you really use all the time and don't collect a ton of stuff that you don't use just because there's a space for it on the spice rack. This seems to go triple for baking herbs. Most people just use cinnamon and nutmeg, but the collections I've seen are huge. (Try mace, it's terrific!) For more on flavor bases:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_trinity_(cuisine) .
Fourth, learn some basic French cooking techniques. Seriously, check out Julia Childs from the library. I must make a roux four times a week, it's the quickest, simplest sauce for nearly anything and infinitely variable. Mac and cheese night? Roux plus grated cheese. Moussaka? Plain roux with a pinch of nutmeg. Need a quick gravy? Browned butter and toasted flour roux plus pan drippings. Chowder? Thicken pork broth with a roux. Sick of roux? Ok, try another kitchen staple: make a pesto or persillade, especially good on greasy lamb.
By varying the techniques up rather than the ingredients, we always seem to use up what we get and we've gotten quick at the kitchen by using time saving tricks like prepping the veggies ahead of time. Every week my grocery list is the same:
Gallon of milk, two dozen eggs, pound of bacon, top off whatever herbs or spices are running out, pound of butter, top off the onions, celery, and carrots, pound of tea, pound of sugar in the raw, ten pounds flour (we make our bread and pasta from scratch), five pounds apples, bunch of bananas, roast of the week, seasonal fruit, 8 oz cheddar, 8 oz fresh mozzarella (weekly pizza night), can of crushed tomatoes, pint of cream, top off baking chocolate if running low, mushrooms, fresh green beans, top off coffee, and nuts.
Most of those are "top off if running low." If someone needs quicker food, I'd substitute bread, pasta, and prepared desserts (or more fruit and cheese) for the flour, sugar, chocolate, and cream.