The goal of a daily maintenance (aka controller) medication is to prevent the symptoms (wheezing/coughing/shortness of breath) from occurring in the first place. It's sort of like taking a blood pressure or diabetes or any other chronic-illness medication - you take it every day at the same time(s). The right asthma medication will control the chronic inflammation of the lungs (which is often there even when there are no obvious symptoms) and mucus production. That inflammation and mucus production are the physiological goings-on that lead to asthma attacks. These medications also often have a
long-acting bronchodilator as an ingredient. A bronchodilator does just what it sounds like - dilates the bronchial passageways.
Fast-acting/short-acting bronchodilator medications (
not to be confused with the
long-acting medications I mentioned above) include albuterol (brand names include Pro-Air, Ventolin, Proventil) and levalbuterol (brand-name Xopenex) and pirbuterol (brand-name Maxair). These are the types of inhalers (and nebulizer solutions) you typically see people using at school, in movies, etc. These are good medications, but they are NOT maintenance medications. They are used for shortness of breath/wheezing/coughing to stop those symptoms (as opposed to preventing the symptoms in the first place). The only time that they sort of serve as semi-preventive medication is when asthmatic people know they are about to be exposed to one of their triggers (e.g. exercise, allergens during lawn work, fumes, cats) and that they are certain to start having asthma symptoms.
Depending on a person's age, she may be taking a controller medication (e.g. Pulmicort) through her nebulizer. If she is pre-school age or older, then she would most likely be on an inhaler instead of just the nebulizer. The nebulizer would then primarily be used with albuterol during acute flare-ups (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath).
It is also possible that a doctor may determine one's asthma is not yet bad enough to need a maintenance medication. However, if a person is needing her fast-acting medication often, then I would keep a record and then let the doctor know soon exactly how often that is.
If someone has asthma and all they are doing is frequently taking any of the fast-acting bronchodilators I listed above - either through an inhaler or nebulizer several times a month or week or even a day - then the asthma is not under control and it is advisable to be re-evaluated.
The doctor should do a thorough interview and physical assessment to determine if a person needs to be on a maintenance/controller medication.
Also, just FYI - respiratory allergies, eczema, and asthma in children often go hand-in-hand. Not always, but often. Determining what one's allergies are (e.g. pollen, grass, cats, smoke), and then avoiding those, can help tremendously.
If anyone has any questions about your particular case, contact your doctor

. And if you or a loved one have asthma, I highly recommend seeing an asthma/allergy specialist. I don't say that because I work for one. It's just good advice when it comes to any chronic illness.