I'll preface this by saying that we have an extremely unusual specimen of cat...
Kitten is 19 years old and we live in New York. She has always lived outside, at the lumber yard my family owns. She came to us as a kitten (hence the name) and decided to stay. Up until a few years ago, she never came inside the store at all. She had free roam of the yard and outside buildings, but not the public store. She now comes inside during business hours and sleeps most of the day on her little cat bed. She goes back outside at night. She stays warm at night in the winter by curling up in the insulation stock. We're all amazed that she is still alive at 19 years old, but she keeps on chugging along.
So, yes, it is very possible for an outside cat to survive a northeast winter. But it all depends on the health and strength of the cat, potential attackers (we have coyotes here, and Kitten has gotten in fights with raccoons), and the ability to find a warm place to sleep.
We also had an outdoor cat at home for awhile, named Kitty (we are so creative). My dad built her a little house out of plywood and shingle, and we filled it with blankets, and put a towel across the doorway. If it was really bad out (nor'easter, blizzard, etc), we had a plastic storage crate (the kind where the door flips up on the front) with an old comforter inside in the garage for her to stay in. She lasted several winters with us. Then my parents made me give her away and I don't know what happened to her.
My advice is to build the cat a little hut or fortress like we did for Kitty. Cats are curious and s/he *will* find it. If she goes in the garage, that would be a better place for it, but outside would be fine too. We kept Kitty's outside house on our deck. And just keep an eye on the cat. If you notice it starting to act weird or anything, take it to the vet.