President's Day - third Monday in February
Easter is the same as the rest of the world, as far as I know (some businesses close Good Friday but that's about all the time off - I'm including it because families will take vacation because schools are closed)
Memorial Day - last Monday in May
July 4th - always on July 4th
Labor Day - first Monday in September
Thanksgiving - fourth Thursday in November - most American companies give employees that Friday off as well. And that's dubbed Black Friday because everyone goes shopping, usually starting around 5:00 AM.
These are the normal business holidays. There are other government holidays that some companies will close for (and the US government, obviously). Those are:
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day - third Monday in January
Columbus Day - second Monday in October
Veterans Day - November 11
I've never worked at a company that closed for those holidays.
Spring breaks and other school breaks are wide spread depending on each individual school system.