As long as it isn't a frozen liquid (like red sauce, for instance, or soup) yes, you probably could, but you would need to freeze it VERY hard and pack it very carefully so that it will not be badly thawed by the time you arrive.
In a situation like this, you would want to go for core temperature density, so you would want to freeze it in a thick block shape, not flat as you would for quick thawing; don't freeze it the night before, either -- do it in a deep-freeze and have it frozen for at least about 4 days before you take it out of the freezer. You would want to layer about an entire roll of crumpled paper towels on the bottom, top and sides of your carryon cooler (which would need to fit under the seat in front of you, btw; leaking from an overhead bin would be MUCH more serious.) Layering with paper insulates and keeps it much colder. Obviously, you would want to put the food itself in something with a good solid seal.