Once again, the media's blown everything out of proportion. Four people is hardly an epidemic anyway. Here's some facts about anthrax:
Q: In what form does anthrax come?
A: In nature, it's found in spores in soil around the world. In order to be used as a weapon, it would most likely be sprayed in the form of a fine liquid mist. It can also be dried and mixed with powder, but would not cause illness unless the powder were sniffed or inhaled. In the laboratory, scientists grow the anthrax-causing bacteria, Bacillus anthracis, in a liquid. "There are various recipes but it's essentially a beef broth with a couple of other nutrients," says microbiologist Ronald Atlas of the University of Louisville.
Q: How can people be infected with anthrax?
A: Three ways, and all can be fatal. By eating undercooked meat from infected animals, you can get a gastrointestinal form of anthrax. It's very rare, at least in the United States, and it is almost always fatal. Contact through scrapes or cuts with spores that may cling to animal hides or wool can cause cutaneous, or skin anthrax, which produces lesions and swelling. It's usually easily detected and successfully treated with antibiotics, but if untreated proves fatal in about 20% of cases. Inhaled anthrax, the most likely form for use in bioterrorism, is fatal in 80%-90% of cases unless treatment begins before the first symptoms occur.
Q: How can you tell if someone has inhaled anthrax?
A: Symptoms can begin as long as 60 days after exposure, but usually appear within 7-10 days. They include fever, malaise, fatigue and sometimes a dry cough. Then, there's often a period of improvement that lasts from a few hours to two or three days. That's followed by a crash trouble breathing, sweating, bluish discoloration of the skin. The patient usually goes into shock and dies 24-36 hours after the severe symptoms begin.
Q: Why aren't the two anthrax-exposed, co-workers of the man who died getting sick?
A: Because their exposure was very slight. "It takes a certain dose," to kill, says veterinary specialist Will Hueston of the University of Minnesota. "One spore or a small exposure is not enough to cause disease." Some studies estimate the number at between 2,500 to 55,000 spores, he says. "You're talking about a pretty good exposure."
Q: What antibiotics work against anthrax?
A: Most natural strains of anthrax are sensitive to penicillin. But because it might be possible to create a genetically engineered form of anthrax that resists penicillin, doctors usually treat patients potentially exposed to anthrax with either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin.
Q: Why can't we get vaccinated against anthrax?
A: The only company in the USA licensed to make anthrax vaccine, BioPort Corp. of Lansing, Mich., has not yet received Food and Drug Administration clearance for its renovated manufacturing facility, reportedly because of problems relating to packaging standards. Even when it does receive approval, the stock is only going to be available to the military.