If you go in the normal ride line, you see only a couple things in the Dungeon such as the mirror or Erised, and a witch statue of some kind, as well as the door to the Potions classroom, but only sounds can be heard from the other side. Then you go into the greenhouses which is outside which is basically giant switchbacks that can hold a lot of people. There isn't much to look at here, except for some mandrakes, but these don't move, where as the ones in Hogsmeade do move and scream.
Once inside the castle, you'll go past some statues that are the architect of Hogwarts, and the original Headmaster of Hogwarts, then you'll go past the counters for the different houses. ("10 points from Slytherin, 5 points to Gryffindor"). Then you'll pass the phoenix used to get into Dumbledore's office, then you'll go into a small hallway with 2 or 3 moving paintings. Then you'll go into a large portrait gallery where the founders of the 4 houses are seen and interact with each other and move and talk. From there you'll go onto seeing Dumbledore's Office where you'll see him talk via hologram, and he does a couple different shows, from there you'll move onto the Defense Against The Dark Arts Classroom where Harry, Ron and Hermione talk to you via hologram, and they have 2 different shows.
From there you'll move into a hallway in past the Fat Lady on the portrait door in front of Gryffinfor common room, and she talks as well. Then you'll be in the common room, and then you move into the boarding area where the safety spiels are presented via the sorting hat.
If you take the castle tour line, you will have your own portrait gallery, and then you join up next to the ride line in Dumbledore's Office. You then see everything in the ride line past that point. However it is your own line so you can stop and see all the shows and look at the detail all you want. So the only thing youll really miss are some statues, the house counter, and a giant phoenix statue.