The penguin exhibit at the end of the ride is 32 degrees. You can stay there as long as you'd like, but I think I can handle about 10 minutes at a time. You do start feeling cold while on the ride, but it isn't that long (between 5-7 minutes, if even that). The temperature gradually drops from when you're inside the queue all the way to when you see the penguins.
The Penguins Up-Close Tour and Behind the Scenes tour are two separate tours, but you do get to meet at least one penguin on both of them. On one part of the Penguins Up-Close Tour, you enter small area of the penguin exhibit (32 degrees). I'd say you spend about 5-10 minutes in there on that tour.
On one part of the Behind the Scenes tour, you enter a warmer environment than Antarctica to meet a penguin (different area of the park, different species of penguin). I would say it's around 60 degrees, and you spend around 10-15 minutes in there.
Hope that makes sense (and isn't too confusing!).